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科技先知Steward Brand和他的《全球概览》 {#8c60 .graf .graf—h3 .graf—leading .graf—title name=“8c60”}
在欧洲启蒙运动中，法国思想家狄德罗主持编写了著名的《百科全书》，宣扬科学和理性，成为启蒙运动的重要力量。历史总是惊人的相似。在互联网时代，另一位启蒙者也做出了类似的功绩。他编写的刊物影响了科技界众多重量级人物。
这位启蒙思想家的名字是Stewart Brand，而他那本影响深远的刊物，同样有一个野心勃勃名字------《全球概览》。对于许多人来说，Steward Brand可能是一个陌生的名字，但是受过他影响的人中，不乏科技界著名的人物。英国卫报近日长文讲述了这位科技界的先知（Stewart Brand’s Whole Earth Catalog, the book that changed the world{.markup—anchor .markup—p-anchor data-href=“https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/05/stewart-brand-whole-earth-catalog” rel=“noopener” target=“_blank”}）。
Stewart Brand曾处于美国60年代反文化运动的中心，他首次将”个人”和”电脑”合在一起介绍给世人，他参与创办了第一个开放的在线社群The Well，他与著名的嬉皮士Ken Kesey 及其追随者（Merry Pranksters）一起吸食LSD。五十年来，他总是站在技术的最前沿，因为他总是能够提前发现新技术，并为之着迷。
1968 年，Douglas Englebart 向 1000 多位前沿计算机科学家展示了世界上第一个鼠标，第一次远程会议，第一个文字处理软件，以及第一个可互动的计算机。这次演示被称为”所有演示之母”（Mother of all demos）。当时，Steward Brand 负责了摄影，也是演示中的顾问。同一年，他出版了反文化运动的巨著：《全球概览》（The Whole Earth Catalog）。有些人认为这本书改变了世界。
在《全球概览》的前言中，Brand指出，权力一直掌握在”政府、大企业、正规教育、教堂”手中，但如今，“个人权力正在上升，个人将有能力进行自我教育，寻找自己的灵感，改变自己的环境，与任何感兴趣的人分享自己的冒险。《全球概览》将寻找与推广有助于此进程的工具。（personal power is developing --- power of the individual to conduct his own education, find his own inspiration, shape his own environment and share his adventure with whoever is interested. Tools that aid this process are sought and promoted by the Whole Earth Catalog.）”
他说，“狄德罗和他的《百科全书》，以及启蒙的思想，是由于贵族及其他人阻碍了知识。他们阻碍人们了解如何做事的知识。因此我想到的是狄德罗，以及满是户外物品的 LL Bean 目录（Diderot and his Encylopédie and this Enlightenment idea that basically knowledge had been held back by the aristocrats and all the rest. The whole thing was to keep people from knowing how to do things. So Diderot was in my mind. And so was the LL Bean catalogue which was full of outdoors stuff.）”。
他的偶像是建筑师和设计师 Buckminster Fuller。“Fuller 说，如果所有的政治家本周死去，那会是恼人的事情，但是如果世界上所有的科学家和工程师死去，那会是一场灾难。那么，真正的启发是什么？（Fuller said if all the politicians died this week it would be a nuisance, but if all the scientists and engineers in the world died it would be catastrophic. So where’s the real juice here?）他使得我以及其他人思考这样的问题。许多人试图改变人类的本性，但那完全是在浪费时间。你无法改变人类的本性，但是你可以改变工具，你可以改变技术（And he really got me and others focused on that. Lots of people try and change human nature but it’s a real waste of time. You can’t change human nature, but you can change tools, you can change techniques.）”，通过这种方式，“你可以改变文明（you can change civilisation）”。
在《纽约时报》的科技作者John Markoff看来，《全球概览》是”互联网之前的互联网。它是关于未来的一本书。它是印在纸上的网络（the internet before the internet. It was the book of the future. It was a web in newsprint.）”。而斯坦福大学的助理教授Fred Turner说，如同 Google 一样，这本书以同样的方式改变了世界。
受到《全球概览》启蒙的人中，包括TED的创始人Chris Anderson，他将Steward Brand称作”我的智力偶像”，另一位Chris Anderson --- Wired前编辑，Maker运动领导者------称Steward 为”全球的财富”，以及”我的众神之一”。他说，“《全球目录》启发了家酿计算机俱乐部，从而激发了Steve Wozniack开发Apple II，从而启发了个人计算机运动，从而启发了最初的网络，从而启发了开源软件运动，从而启发了开源硬件运动，从而启发了Maker运动，启发了我”。
Wired创始人Kevin Kelly说，他第一次看到《全球概览》是在高中，“它改变了我的生活。它改变了每个人的生活。它启示我，不要去上大学，去过自己的生活。它像是给予你创造自己生活的许可。那就是《全球概览》所做的事情。它被称为’获得工具’，它给予你工具去创造自己的教育、自己的生意、自己的生活。（and it changed my life. But then it changed everybody’s life. It inspired me not to go to college but to go and try and live out my own life. It was like being given permission to invent your own life. That was what the Catalog did. It was called ‘access to tools’ and it gave you tools to create your own education, your own business, your own life.）”
对Steward Brand的一次著名的致敬，来自乔布斯2005年在斯坦福毕业典礼上的演讲。乔布斯将《全球概览》称为”我那一代人的圣经之一”。
那是一个叫做Steward Brand的家伙编写的，他来自Menlo Park，距离这儿不远。他以诗意的笔触编写刊物 。那是六十年代晚期，个人计算机和桌面出版尚未出现，因此它是由打字机、剪子和宝丽来相机做出来的。它有点类似纸张形式的Google，比Google的诞生早了 35 年：它理想主义，写满了好用的工具和伟大的观点。（It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.）
Steward和他的团队出版了几期的《全球目录》，然后，在它结束之时，他们出版了最后一期。那时是70年代中期，我处在你们的年岁。在最后一期的封底上，是一张早晨乡间道路的照片，那是你在有意冒险时想要步行走过的道路。下面是一行字：“Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish”。那是他们停刊时的告别辞。Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish。我经常如此期望自己。（Stewart and his team put out several issues of the Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: ‘Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.’ It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.）
当卫报的编辑向Brand问到此事的时候，他说自己也很惊讶，“当有人告诉我，他想要一个由我签字的’Stay Hungry,Stay Foolish’的封底，我知道这对他有些意义。我签了一本，发给了他。那是我第一本对他有意义的出版物。但我希望能够有机会真正问问他，到底从中得到了什么启发。（I was, yes, though I’d known it meant something to him as I’d been told that he wanted a copy of the cover of ‘Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish’ signed by me. And I signed one and sent it off to him. That was the first inkling I had that it mattered to him. But I wish I’d had a chance to really quiz him on what he got from that.）”
Steward Brand接着说，乔布斯可能以这句话来提醒自己，要用双重思维看待身边聚集的财富和权力，“我觉得这可能是对抗创新者困境的方式，要想做出新的创新，你必须毁掉自己许多年构建的好东西。（I think it may have been the way of dealing with the innovator’s dilemma, where to keep building on the new innovations you have to destroy the wonderful thing you built a couple of years ago.）”
如今，Steward已经74岁高龄，但他仍然站在技术的最前沿。近年来，他建立了Long Now基金会，鼓励人们做长期思考（比如建造可运行一万年的钟表），他撰写建筑类书籍，推动生态运动，热衷大规模城市化、核能源以及”de-exinction”，即通过对 DNA 做逆向工程，使灭绝的动物复活。
Kevin Kelly说，在过去的20年里，他每天都和Steward通过邮件或其他方式交流，而且越来越佩服他。“他的确是…我不知道如何形容…世界上一个鼓舞人心、令人振奋和乐于助人的力量。我在许多场合见过他。他曾见过他处于压力之下。我曾在私下见过他，而我从未失望过。（He is genuinely… I don’t know what the word is… an inspiring, uplifting, helpful force in the world. I’ve seen him in many situations, I’ve seen him under stress, I’ve seen him in private, and I have never been disappointed.）”
“如果真有可能成为一个开悟者，我敢说，他是一个开悟者（If it was possible to be an enlightened person, I would say he’s an enlightened person）“，Kevin Kelly 说。
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